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Ҙ'*+000*4)4*4*dy&0&"*&&y&y&y&00d*(>3 =5 83@05B 2 :>AB8. . -9=HB59= !"   !/1I8AB8G5A:8<8 ?@87=0:0@8B>2KE 8 =5DB5307>=>A=KE >B;>65=89 O2;ONBAO 8E F8:;8G5A:>5 =0:>?;5=85 2 AC10:20;L=>9 A@545 A 0=0M@>1=>9 >1AB0=>2:>9 =0 D>=5 >B=>A8B5;L=> ?>AB>O==>3> ?@>3810=8O A548==KE 10AA59=>2 [!B@0E>2, 1962; 0:8@>2, 1972]. $>@20=85 0=0M@>1=KE CA;>289 2 2>4=>9 B>;I5 >?@545;O5BAO 48=0<8G5A:8@>;>38G5A:8;>38G5A:8@0A04:>=0:>?;5=85=0@=K@D>;>38G5A:8=0@=K;>38G5A:8F5AA0@5=:>, 2000]. ;O 1>;LH59 G0AB8 0:20B>@88 8@>2>3> >:50=0 E0@0:B5@5= ?5;038G5A:89 ;8B>35=57 2 >:8A;8B5;L=KE CA;>28OE. -?87>48G5A:>5 @0728B85 0=0M@>1=KE ?@>F5AA>2 D8:A8@C5BAO 2 , >1>30I5==KE  (!>@3. >0.5%) [>;:>2, 1984]. 2078AB0F8>=0@=>5 @0728B85 0=0M@>1=KE CA;>289 >B 45AOB:>2 4> BKAOG ;5B >B 2> 2?048=5 0@80:> (0@81A:>5 @5) 8 >7. >38;L=>. 8;L48=) [(0?>@5=:>, 2000]. 5;:>2>4=K5 ?@>;82K, A2O7K20NI85 '5@=>5 8 0;B89A:>5 @O A 8@>2K:50=>48= 87 ?@87=0:>2 M?8:>=B8=5=B0;L=KE M20?>@8B>2KE 10AA59=>2 [$8253, 1983], => >B ?>A;54=8E >=8 >B;8G0NBAO 871KB>G=K< @5G=K:>?@545;ONI84 8 @0728B85 0=0M@>1=KE ?@>F5AA>2 ?>4 ?8:=>:;8=><. !@548755 @5 =5 >B;8G05BAO @D>;>38G5A:81;8:>B A>;>=>20B>2>4=>3> '5@=>3> @O, => @5G=>9 AB>: =865, G5 0:20B>@88. -B> ?@54>?@545;O5B >A>;>=5=85 A@54875@A:8E 2>4 (4> 39%>), 3>B5@52 2>4K :8A;>@>4>2K9 @5684K :8A;>@>4>;5=>AB8. :8A;8B5;L=>-2>AAB0=>28B5;L=K9 ?>B5=F80; 2 2>45 @0?=KE 2>4>52 CAB5 25@E=>AB=>N  >1KG=> A2>9AB25==K 2>AAB0=>28B5;L=K5 CA;>28O [!B@0E>2, 1962]. @>4CF8@>20=85 A5@>2>4>@>40 ?@>8AE>48B :0: 70 AG5B @07;>65=8O  A CG0AB852, B0: 8 2>AAB0=>2;5=8O AC;LD0B>2 10:B5@8O;:>2, 1984]. ".>. ?@84>==K5 7>=K M20?>@8B>2KE 10AA59=>2 87-70 B5@30;8==>9 AB@0B8D8:0F88 2>4 >1@5G5=K =0 ACI5AB2>20=85 2 0=0M@>1=KE CA;>28OE, GB> >15A?5G8205B <0:A8E@0==>ABL ?@>4CF8@C5<KE  (B01;. 7). !B0488 E535==>3> >A04:>=0:>?;5=8O. 1I8=>ABO?;5=8O 30;>35==KE >B;>65=89, >B;8G0NI8E 8E >B >A04:>2 3C=, O2;O5BAO C=0A;54>20==>ABL ?>@>4 8 ?@>3@5AA8@CNI55 >A;01;5=85 B52 8A?0@5=8O ?> <5@5 ?@>2>64055 @57:8< C25;8G5=85@>AB8 >A04:>=0:>?;5=8O 2 3>48G=>5 ?>:07K205B, GB> 30;8BK =5 3CB ?5@5:@K20BL =8 @A:85 >A04:8 (@8A. 17), =8 B5;55 ?@5A=>2>4=K5 (A<., =0?@8=NE>2, 1985]). B>@>5 >1JOA=O5B >B;>65=85 154=KE >@30=8G5A:8;5=>A=KE B>;I 2 2>4>5<0E A @0728BKA>289 A54835=570 8 @0==53> 48035=570 (?> [!B@0E>2, 1962; 86G5=:>, 1977; 5DB5307>-35=5B8G5A:85 & , 1984; Hypersaline & , 1985; !0DLO=>2, 1987; >;:>2, 1984; !20;L=>2, 1991])>:070B5;L"8? ;8B>35=5705;038G5A:89:@08==K9-20?>@8B>2K9"8? M:>A8AB5B@>D=0O-2B@>D=0O8?5@B@>D=0O><8=8@CNI0O A54835==0O"5@@835==0O 07;8G=0OA04:>=0:>?;5=85, <</1000 ;5B10>1.2x103 (?5;>84) >MDD8F85=B 70E>@>=5=8O C>@3.,% 0.1-0.150.25-1.0~30.0>=F5=B@0F8O C>@3. % 2 0.1-0.30.5-1.01.5-45.0Fe, %5-73-40.001-4.39Mn, %0.2-1.0 48035=570:8A;8B5;L=K9 | >AAB0=>28B5;L=K9!1=>3> 8 0=0M@>1=>3> 48035=570 B>;I5 >A04:04> 6  2 B>;I5 >A04:00 ?>25@E=>AB8 >A04:0 0AE>4 C >@3.,% 2 48035=575 50-100/607.0-44.0/24.2B 0.?#, % >B C >@3nx10-5& 10-2nx10-5& 10-2?#, % >B C >@3nx10-5& 10-3nx10-3& 10-2~10.08BC84K %(), % >B C >@3nx10-7& 10-5nx10-3& 10-2? 8A. 17. !;0=FK 25@E=5-452>=A:>9 D>@ [Walker, Harms, 1975])!;54AB285A>;>=5=8O 0@84=KE 2>4>52 O2;O5BAO O@:> 2K@065==K9 AB0489=K9 E0@0:B5@ 30;>35=570. $@0:F8>=8@>20==0O :@8AB0;;870F8O A>;59 8;L:> 2@5 8 ?@>AB@0=AB25==CN 70:>=>ABL (@8A. 19). > >:@08=0@8B>2>3> 10AA59=0, :0: 8 =0 =0G0;L=KE AB048OE 53> ACI5AB2>20=8O, >B;030NBAO B@C4=>@0AB2>@8=0BK :0;LF8O 8 <03=8O. @8 ABC?;5=88 B5@@835==KE 2 D>@;><8BK (CaCO3+MgCO3). A;8 : E535==KA04:0548=ONBAO 1>;LH85 1;>G=>3> 1@07CNBAO :0@1>=0B878@>20==K5 ?5A:8. @8 ?@5>1;040=88 18>35==>3> >A04:>=0:>?;5=8O  >B;>65=8O, 1>30BK5 ,  ?5;>84K.  48035=575 8 :0B035=575 >A04:>2 >=8 ?@5>1@07CNBAO 2 3;8=K, 0;52@8BK, 0;52@>;8BK, 0@38;;8BK.  8A. 18. !B0488 0@84=>3> >A04:>=0:>?;5=8O ?@8 8A?0@5=88 >:50=8G5A:>9 2>4K (?> [!B@0E>2, 1962])A04:8 :0@1>=0B=>9 AB0488 @0A?>;030NBAO ?> B>9 65 AE5 8 2 3C9 7>=5. > A:>@>AB8 :0@1>=0B=>3> 0@84=>3> >A04:>=0:>?;5=8O 2 45AOB:8 @07 ?@52>AE>4OB 8=B5=A82=>ABL 53> >A0645=8O 2 :50=5, 0 !>@3.>Fe (=0 ?>43>B>28B5;L=>9 AB0488). > A@02=5=8N A @A:8<8 8;0A04:8 >A>;>=ONI8EAO 2>4>52 A>45@60B 70 4K, >B;8G0NBAO 2KA>:>9 ?;>B=>ABLN 8 =87:>9 ?>@8AB>ABLN. @>3>, >=8 3CB >?@5A=OBLAO 70 AG5B ?>4753> AB>:0, =0?@8 70E>@>=5==K@CA;0<, 8 ?@8 384@0B0F88 2 (38?A0 (CaSO4x2H2O), B>:8 >?@5A=5==KE 2>4 D>@4CE8 2 30;>35==KE ?;0AB0E [!B@0E>2, 1962], :>B>@K5 3CB AB0BL ?CBO9 <83@0F88 #. ! MB8< A2O70=K =87:0O @>2KE 2>4 2 0@38;;8B0E  8 >H81:8 2 @5:>=AB@C:F88 ?0;5>30;8==>AB8 (3-5 3/;) 3;8= ?@>4C:B82=>9 B>;I8 (") 0;0E0=A:>3> 10AA59=0 8 ?A:>3> O@CA0 (A, 1959]). 0 D>@20=85 >4=>9 87 :;0AA8G5A:8E =5DB5<0B5@8=A:8E A28B  ?A:>9  2 CA;>28OE 0@84=>3> :;82, 1962] 8 ?>2KH0NI59AO A>;5=>AB8 C:07K20NB ?@>A;>8 4>;>2, E;>@8B 8 <03=5780;L=K5 @A8B-A5?8>;8B>2>3> B8?0 [08415:>20 8 4@., 1974], 0 B0:65 8AG57=>25=85 @>A;KE ?;0=:B>==KE 8 4>==KE D>@0<8=8D5@ : 25@E0< ?0 [>@>H8;>2 8 4@., 1974]. 8A. 19. 075=85 () >B;>65=89 5@E=5-070=A:>3> M20?>@8B>2>3> ?0;5>10AA59=0 ( 2).  1  :>=B8=5=B0;L=K5 :@0A=>F25BK; 2  ?@81@56=K5 ?5AG0=>-3;8=8ABK5 >B;>65=8O; 3  4>;>20==K5; 4  38?AK 8 0=384@8BK; 5  30;8B; 6  3>@=K5 F5?8:  1  G5B25@B8G=K5 >B;>65=8O; 2-5  >B;>65=8O 25@E=5-:070=A:>3> ?>4JO@CA0; 2 -- :>=B8=5=B0;L=K5 :@0A=>F25BK; 3  4>;>;>20==K5 >A04:8; 4  0=384@8BK; 5  30;8B; 6  4>;>;>20==K5 >A04:8 25@E=5-:070=A:>3> ?>4JO@CA0; 7  ?5AB@>F25B=K5 B5@@835==K5 ?>@>4K CD89 A28BK; 8  0=384@8B>-4>;>2K9 :>3> ?>4JO@CA0 (?> [!B@0E>2, 1962])@8 ?>2KH5=88 A>;5=>AB8 2KH5 130 3/; =0G8=05BAO =0:>?;5=85 38?A0, B5=0@48B0, 3;0C15@8B0 8 4@. !;54CNI0O AB048O E0@0:B5@87C5BAO A04:>9 30;8B0. !8;L28=8BK 8 :0@=0;;8BK >A0640NBAO =0 AB0488 ACE>3> >75@0, 4K 2 :>B>@>?>AB0281J5;59. ?8A0==K9 ?@>F5AA ?@>8AE>48B ?@8 8A?0@5=88 AC;LD0B=>-<03=852KE @A:8E 2>4, <5B0@D878@>20==KE @5G=K=0B=>-:0;LF852K<8 8;8 3;8=0ABC?;5=88 @5G=KE 2>4 8=>3> B8?0 8;8 2 70=>AB8 A04:8 A>;59 87: @5G=KE 2>4 A B5@@835==K< < 8 =87:8=F5=B@0F8O<8 Mg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aCO3 : Mg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quation.3 13!=  10+0.25 (>7. Gavish Sabkha) 8  EMBED Equation.3 13!=  6.6+0.1%o PDB (>7. Solar Lake)), G5A04:8 8@>2>3> >:50=0  EMBED Equation.3 13!=  24+0.4%> [Hypersaline & , 1985: 393]. =B5@5A=>, GB> 0=0;>38G=K1@07>>B=>A8BAO 87>B>?8O 180;L=>3> A04:0E !525@=>3> @O ( EMBED Equation.3 13!  60& -80%>) 8 307 =5DBO=>9 70;568 ( EMBED Equation.3 13!  30..-50%> PDB) (A2, 1999]). ">340 :0: =075@DO=8:8 8 C3;8 ?@0:B8G5A:8 =5 >B;8G0NBAO ?> 87>B>?88 C3;5@>40, 2 18BCA>15==> :07K205BAO =03> 1>;LH5 ;53:>3> C3;5@>40, G5< 2 @A:>=5 [!8;L25@<5=, 1972; 0;82, 1972]. 1KG=> MB> >1JOA=O5BAO ?@>F5AA0=8@>20=8O (@8A. 20), >4=0:>, 87>B>?8O  8 =5DB8 M20?>@8B>2>9 AB@0ADC@A:>9 D>@<0F88 (Z2) =5 8<55B 7=0G8B;8G89 (@8A 20). ,FH "lpXZ*r^`  0!2!:!r!t!!!!!!!"""N"P"""######뿫뿫h 5CJH*\h 5CJH*\h 5CJ\mH sH  h 6]h mH sH  h H* h 5\h h 5CJ\h 56CJ\]CFHr*@^$$If]a$gd $$If]`a$gd $]a$gd ]gd \]^\`gd ^`b|yyye$$If]`a$gd $If]`gd tkd$$Ifl40(#`0(#4 lalf4 gVBBB$$If]`a$gd $If]`gd kd$$Ifl4\l(# T0(#4 lalf4  H \ t jYEEE$$If]`a$gd $If]`gd kdk$$Ifl\l(#T0(#4 lal jYYEEE$$If]`a$gd $If]`gd kd)$$Ifl\l(#T0(#4 lal !B!T!f!r!jYYEEE$$If]`a$gd $If]`gd kd$$Ifl\l(#T0(#4 lalr!t!!!!!jYEEE$$If]`a$gd $If]`gd kd$$Ifl\l(#T0(#4 lal!!!!!"jYEEE$$If]`a$gd $If]`gd kdc$$Ifl\l(#T0(#4 lal""","6"N"jYEEE$$If]`a$gd $If]`gd kd!$$Ifl\l(#T0(#4 lalN"P"|""jYI$$If]a$gd $If]`gd kd$$Ifl\l(#T0(#4 lal"""#2#@#l##yyaMMa$$If]`a$gd $$If]^`a$gd $$If]`a$gd rkd$$Ifl40(#0(#4 lalf4####$$jYEEE$$If]`a$gd $If]`gd kd5$$Ifl\l(#T0(#4 lal#$$($*$,$2$4$<$@$F$J$T$X$^$b$j$|$~$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$% %%%%"%(%,%4%6%8%%%%%%% & &b)j)l)))))))++ h H*h mH sH h hs@5CJ\jhs@UmHnHuh 5H*\h 5CJH*\h 5CJ\mH sH  h 5\h 5CJ\A$$4$L$d$h$jYIII$$If]a$gd $If]`gd kd$$Ifl\l(#T0(#4 lalh$j$$$$$jYIII$$If]a$gd $If]`gd kd$$Ifl\l(#T0(#4 lal$$$%.%2%jYIII$$If]a$gd $If]`gd kdo $$Ifl\l(#T0(#4 lal2%4%6% & &++,,66;jaaaaaaaaaa]gd kd- $$Ifl\l(#T0(#4 lal ++,,,T-:.B.D.H./000000000001111 1 1166677;;?H@L@@"E*E.E2E6E8E* h H*j'_h EHUj= h CJPJUVjh Uh h 5\ hHZ5\h 5CJH*\h 5CJ\mH sH h 5CJ\08P:PPBPNPPP^PtPhQjQQQQQQQQ R RRRR.R4R6U8U:UU@UUUUU04@BNR܇6խՊ|zvhHZUjghHZhHZ5U\ hHZ5\h 5CJ\h 5H*\h 5\mH sH  h 5\jfh EHUjOdh EHUh mH sH  h >*h h H*jh Ujbh EHUj= h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r, Sr 8 4@. @A:8A04:0B45 >A>;>=5=8O, 0 =081>;55 O@:8A>;>=5=8O O2;O5BAO =0:>?;5=85 U.  30;>35==KE ?>@>40E 2A5340 ?@8ACBAB2CNB Fe, Mn, P, V, Cr, Ni, Co, Cu 8 4@C385 M;5 2KA>:85 (2.85-4.39%) :>=F5=B@0F88, =0?@89AB25==K B>;L:> 3;8=0;> :>;8G5AB2> =5 ?@52KH05B 0.88% [!B@0E>2, 1962]. $>@20=85 =5DB5?@>872>4OI8E >B;>65=89 2 M?8:>=B8=5=B0;L=KE 8 H5;LD>2KE @OE 0@84=KE >1;0AB59 ?>72>;O5B >1JOA=8BL A8=E@>==>ABL =0:>?;5=8O 2 =8E =5 B>;L:> D>AD0B=KE, => 8 @C4=KE @>645=89 (A2, 1962; !?@02>G=8: & , 1983; Hypersaline & , 1985]). -B> =5 AB>;L:> >?@>25@305B 0@3C@30=8G5A:>9 38?>B57K [5A:@>2=K9, 1985; !52>ABLO=>2, 1999], A:>;L:> ?>72>;O5B 8A?>;L7>20BL ?@8 ?>8A:5 @>645=89 # 8 A;0=F52 40==K5 @C4=>9 35>;>388 8 35>E8<0;88 (A35==>5 >A04:>=0:>?;5=85. #G0AB85 30;>D8B=KE >@30=872 2 D>@20=88 M20?>@8B>2KE >A04:>2 ?@>8AE>48B 4065 =0 AB0488 ACE>3> >75@0 [Salinity & , 1966; Hypersaline & , 1985].  >;LH>;5=>75@5 8 Gavish Sabkha 4>==K5 >B;>65=8O ?@54AB02;5=K =5 B>;L:> E535==K=0B=K<8 ?;0AB8=0<8 (0.1& 1.5 <<) 8 B5@@835==K<8 <0B5@80;0 8 18>35==K<8 8;0AB0B:0<8 10:B5@80;L=KE 2, E8B8=0 0@B5G=KE G5E;>2 Ephydra. $>@20=85 18>35==KE >>;8B>2 0@B5<8OA04:5. 5;5=85 D5:0;89 <KH5G=K< 459AB2854=>9 A@545 8 >A04:0E ?@54>?@545;ONB H8@>:89 480?07>= 4;8= (0.05& 1.0 <B=>A8B5;L=> ?>AB>O==>< 480<5B@5 (D ~0.1 <35==K5 >>;8BK A>45@60B ~5.6% >G5=L B>=:>3> 8;0, ~84% CaCO3 8 ~5.5% 2MgCO3+CaCO3. >;8BK D >B 0.25 4> 1 <1KG=> ?@54AB02;ONB :0;LF8=8@>20==K5 :>::>?>4>1=K5 :;5B:8 F80=>10:B5@89 8;8 E5>@30=>B@>D>2 10:B5@80;L=KE 2 [Hypersaline & , 1985]. 57C;LB0B>AB8 F80=>10:B5@80;L=KE :>;>=80;L=KE Coccochloris (Aphanothece) O2;ONBAO AB@>;8BK 15-90 A?5@5G=8:5, A>548=5=85 :>B>@KE ?@82>48B : ?>O2;5=8N AB@C:BC@, @0745;5==KE :;8=>284=K10<8, 480 9 <. 072KE >B;>65=89 B01;8G=>9 D>@@20==KE Pleurocapsa, >1KG=> =5 ?@52KH05B 10-15 A20BK5 :>@:8, AD>@20==K5 Aphanothece, =0 77% A>AB>OB 87 :0@1>=0B>2 :0;LF8O 8 @8<KE <8=5@0;L=KE G0AB8F, D5:0;89 0@B545@60B 2% .  AB@>;8B0E Entophysalis 4>=0BK (93%) 8 3;8=K (6.3%) [Salinity & , 1966]. !B@>;8BK 8 2>4>@>A;52K5 BB;>65=8O 30;8B0, 38?A>2 8 4>;>20==KE >A04:>2 2 G5B25@B8G=KE 8 A>2@5B;>65=8OE 0@84=KE 7>= "8E>3> >:50=0: MABC0@8O Colorado River (0;8D>@=8O) [Thompson, 1975], B;0=B8:8: Laguna Madre ("5E0A) [Miller, 1975]; =489A:>3>  Shark Bay [Hagan, Logan, 1975].  A@54=5:0C3>;L=>9 D>@>;8BK 8 AB@>;8BK D8:A8@CNBAO ?@8 A>:@0I5=88 =0:>?;5=8O A:5;5B=KE D>@35==K5 ?>AB@>9:8 30;>D8B=KE F80=>10:B5@89, =0?@8<5@, 2 2>4=>9 G0AB8 ;52>9 AB@0AADC@BA:>9 D>@<0F88 (Z2), O2;ONBAO ?@5:@0A=K;;5:B>@0<8 4;O =5DB8 (A;LF, 1972]).  8A. 22. >;8BK M20?>@8B>2>9 D>@ [Schenk, 1975]) 8 A>2@53> F80=>10:B5@80;L=>3>  [Hypersaline & , 1985])0:>?;5=85 >@30=8G5A:8E 25I5AB2 2 A>2@5==KE >B;>65=8OE 7028A8B >B ?@>F5AA>2 18>?@>4CF8@>20=8O 8 8=B5=A82=>AB8 E535==>3> 30;>35=570. A;8 =0:>?;5=85 ?5;>84>2 ( EMBED Equation.3 =1.4 3/A75@0E 8 ;03C=0E 4>AB8305B 1.2-2(3.9) <4 [>@>=8E8=, 1953; !B0IC: 8 4@., 1964; !0DLO=>2, 1987], GB> A@02=8 A A57>==>9 A04:>9 4>;>2 8 0=384@8B>2 (0.5-1 < 30;8B =0@0AB05B 5-10 A= [!B@0E>2, 1962].A=>2=KG=8:>1>30I5=8O  >A04:>2 ACE>3> >7. Gavish Sabkha (S 4> 330 3/;) O2;ONBAO F80=>10:B5@80;L=K5 @3.~5.67%) 8 70E>@>=5==K5 (!>@3.~2.34%) [Hypersaline & , 1985]. 4=0:> 4065 MB>3> >:07K205BAO 4>AB0B>G=> 4;O =0:>?;5=8O  2 :>;8G5AB20E, A@02=8;L:> A >AB0B>G=K7>9A:8E (P1k ~262 Ma) M20?>@8B0E, => 8 2 A>2@5:50=8G5A:8E  (B01;. 8). @><07:8 =5DB8 2 8H8<1052A:8E 0=384@8B0E 8 18BC;0 =45@ (A525@>-2>AB>G=0O G0ABL @8:0A?89A:>9 =87AB8), :0: 8 =0;8G85 2>4>@>A;52KE >AB0B:>2 2 AC;LD0B878@>20==KE 4>;>2, 1962], 40NB >A=>20=8O AG8B0BL 8E A8=35=5B8G=K:0O 307>=0AKI5==>ABL (CH4, H2S, N2, CO2, Ar 8 4@.) A2>9AB25==0 B0:65 :C=3C@A:8< (P1k) A8;L28=8B09 A>AB02 307>2 E0@0:B5@5= =5 B>;L:> M20?>@8B02K4075@ [!B@0E>2, 1962], => 8 307>2K< 70;560@30=8G5A:8E 25I5AB2 2 4>==KE >B;>65=8OE @07;8G=>3> 35=578A0 (?> [!B@0E>2, 1962; Hypersaline & , 1985; "@>FN:, 1986])-20?>@8B>2K9 10AA59=n!>@3., %(QIV)n!>@3., %(P1k)n!>@3.,%8@>2>9 >:50=5@35;8--40.9155420.7400@1>=0B=>-B5@@835==K5;8=K51.3140.425340.567;8=0 (QIV);0AB8G5A:85 0=384@8BK20.5420.395290.365;52@8B (QIV)>;>: (QIV)725AB=O:8--20.1759650.2180@1>=0B=K55AG0=8:8--50.144340.126;8=0*(QIV)=384@8BK30.2590.0820070.0730@1>=0B=K5*@87. Gavish Sabkha; P1k -- C=3C@A:89 10AA59=; * -- 2=CB@5==OO G0ABL :50=0, >AB0;L=>5  >:@08==0O 0 AB0488 >B;>65=8O 38?A>2 8 30;8B0 A>2@5A04:8 >7. 0@0G8 (0?. !818@L; S~2703/;; !>@3.~3.7%) [!5;820=>2, 1991], 5@B2>3> @O (S~275-330 3/;;  ~3%) 8 >;LH>3> !>;O=>3> >75@0 (S~264 3/;;  ~2-6%) [Salinity & , 1966] 2?>;=5 A@02=81>30I5==K@3 ~2%)  >:@08==KE 7>= :50=0. 4=0:> >=8 70:>=> A>45@60B =0 ?>@O4>:  A@02=5=8N A ?5;>84>=0B=>9 AB0488 >A04:>=0:>?;5=8O >7. "0 100 3/;; !>@3 ~45.8%). "084, :@><5 16.15% ?832, A>45@60B 69.9% ;8?>84>2 (33.0 A2>1>4=KE :0@1>=>2KE :8A;>B; 18.1 D>AD>;8?84>2 (:5D0;8=K  11.3 8 ;5F8B8=K  6.8); 12.2 3;8F5@84>2, 3.48 AB5@8=>2 8 3.14% MD8@>2 AB5@8=>2) 8 B>;L:> 5.54% A5@>A>45@60I8E 25I5AB2.  A>;>=>20B>2>4=KE 4652>4=KE =>2>M2:A8=A:8E (QIVnv) >A04:0E '5@=>3> @O !>@3 340 :0: 2 :0;0-28BO752A:8E (QIVkl-vt) 8;0E  4> 20% !>@3 [>;:>2, 1984; 5DB5307>-35=5B8G5A:85, 1984]. =8 AD>@20;8AL ~7 BKA. ;5B =0704 2 @57C;LB0B5 ;028==>9 A548B ?@5A=>2>4=>3> 8 @A:>3> ?;0=:B>=0 ?@8 ?@>@K25 @A:8E 2>4 2 >2>M2:A8=A:>5 >75@>, GB> 65B 1KBL 0:BC0;8AB8G5A:8< ?@8@>=5=8O 0;;>EB>==KE  2 7>=0E A4 M20?>@8B>2KE 10AA59=>2. 8A. 23. !B@>5=85 >B;>65=89 >7. !0:8. !B048O I (1  30;8B; 2  30;8B 703@O7=5==K9, 3  3;8=K); AB048O II (4  ?5;>84K (3;8=K); 5  @0?0) (?> [!B@0E>2, 1962]) 8BABL >A04:>=0:>?;5=8O A?5F8D8G5A:89 8 >1O70B5;L=K9 ?@87=0: 0@84=>9 A548<5=B0F88. !;59 2 ?5@8>4K 0@84870F88 :;835==KA04:>=0:>?;5=8584>2 ?@8 C2;06=5=88 7028A8B >B @072 2>4>52. 51>;LH85 >75@0 070EAB0=0 8 0?. !818@8 >:07K20NBAO GC2AB28B5;L=K2K< (19-21& 45-47 ;5B) F8:;02, 1962], 0 2 >7. !0:8 (@K<) 3-E 2K9 A;>9 ?5;>840 =5?@5@K2=> >B:;04K20;AO =0 ?@>BO65=88 2400 ;5B [>@>=8E8=, 1953]. !B0489=>ABL =0:>?;5=8O >A04:>2, 1>30BKE , =865 8 2KH5 A>;5=>A=>9 B>;I8 (@8A. 23) >1JOA=O5B ACI5AB2>20=85 =5 B>;L:> "@0=A8;L20=A:>3> , 345 307 A:>=F5=B@8@>20= 2 =04A>;52>9 B>;I5 (AF:89, CG5@C:, 1973]), => 8 ?@8C@>G5==>ABL =5DB5307>2KE A:>?;5=89 : @53@5AA82=K< F8:;0< 8 =0G0;L=K< AB048O< B@0=A3@5AA89 (A20, 1985]). !2O7L =5DB5307>=>A=>AB8 A28B (P1-N2) A ;03C==K28O?;5=85=0B>2 =0 !:8DA:>-"C@0=A:>9, 0?04=>52@>?59A:>9, CAA:>9 8 !525@>-9 ?;0BD>@4=8< 87 3>G8A;5==KE ?>4B25@645=89 70I8I059 38?>B57K, ?>A:>;L:C @A:8=0B=KA04:09AB25==K <875@=K5 7=0G5=8O  (A<. B01;. 8). #:070==K< :@8B5@8O;=>ABLN >B25G0NB, ?> <5=LH59 =A:>-;5F:89 (;52>9) =5DB5=>A=K9 3>@87>=B @8?OBA:>3> ?@>3810 (452>=) 8 25@B8:0;L=0O ?@8C@>G5==>ABL =5DB8 8 3070 =0 AB@C:BC@5 >@B5@5, AD>@202H59AO 2 :>=F5 B>@B>=0  25@E=5< F5=5 [>=3 8 4@., 1972], B.5. =0 ?@54M20?>@8B>2>9 AB0488 <5AA8=0 ['C2, 2000]. >A:>;L:C MB8 A;CG08 6=> ?>?KB0BLAO >1JOA=8BL <83@0F859 # 8 #, @0AAB@8AB8 :>B>@KE B@C4=> CA><=8BLAO. PAGE PAGE 506@BLԎ֎؎܎ގ XJNRVZ\`bfjnrvz~ʓƕZfhtڛܛ4Jܝxơ£ģΣ$02HLX^j$If]`gd $$If]`a$gd $If]`gd kdU$$IfTlִ8 \4D%h80 !    4 laTµƵҵص$If]`gd $$If]`a$gd $If]`gd kdt$$IfTlִ8 \4D%h80 !    4 laT"&28D\ intex salamander ielts